fix: config type check when loading any config

Signed-off-by: Mark Sagi-Kazar <mark.sagikazar@gmail.com>
docs: update upgrade guide with more details about mapstructure
2025-04-27 15:57:19 +00:00 · 2025-03-26 18:25:11 +01:00 · 2025-03-26 07:43:21 +01:00 · 2025-03-26 07:43:21 +01:00 · 2025-03-26 07:34:30 +01:00 · 2025-03-21 03:42:00 +01:00
35 changed files with 873 additions and 1660 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/checks.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/checks.yaml
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Check minimum labels
-        uses: mheap/github-action-required-labels@5847eef68201219cf0a4643ea7be61e77837bbce # v5.4.1
+        uses: mheap/github-action-required-labels@388fd6af37b34cdfe5a23b37060e763217e58b03 # v5.5
        with:
          mode: minimum
          count: 1
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2

      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7 # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/setup-go@3041bf56c941b39c61721a86cd11f3bb1338122a # v5.2.0
        with:
-          go-version: "1.22"
+          go-version: "1.24"

      - name: Build
        run: go build .
@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
-        go: ["1.21", "1.22"]
+        go: ["1.21", "1.22", "1.23", "1.24"]
        tags: ["", "viper_finder", "viper_bind_struct"]

    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2

      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7 # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/setup-go@3041bf56c941b39c61721a86cd11f3bb1338122a # v5.2.0
        with:
          go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}

@ -70,17 +70,17 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2

      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7 # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/setup-go@3041bf56c941b39c61721a86cd11f3bb1338122a # v5.2.0
        with:
-          go-version: "1.22"
+          go-version: "1.24"

      - name: Lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@a4f60bb28d35aeee14e6880718e0c85ff1882e64 # v6.0.1
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@971e284b6050e8a5849b72094c50ab08da042db8 # v6.1.1
        with:
-          version: v1.59.0
+          version: v1.64.5

  dev:
    name: Developer environment
@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2

      - name: Set up Nix
-        uses: cachix/install-nix-action@ba0dd844c9180cbf77aa72a116d6fbc515d0e87b # v27
+        uses: cachix/install-nix-action@3715ab1a11cac9e991980d7b4a28d80c7ebdd8f9 # v27
        with:
          extra_nix_config: |
            access-tokens = github.com=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2

      - name: Dependency Review
-        uses: actions/dependency-review-action@0c155c5e8556a497adf53f2c18edabf945ed8e70 # v4.3.2
+        uses: actions/dependency-review-action@3b139cfc5fae8b618d3eae3675e383bb1769c019 # v4.5.0
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yaml
@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
+      uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2

    # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
    - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@2e230e8fe0ad3a14a340ad0815ddb96d599d2aff # v3.25.8
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@df409f7d9260372bd5f19e5b04e83cb3c43714ae # v3.27.9
      with:
        languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
        # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:
    # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
    # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
    - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@2e230e8fe0ad3a14a340ad0815ddb96d599d2aff # v3.25.8
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@df409f7d9260372bd5f19e5b04e83cb3c43714ae # v3.27.9

    # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
    # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
@ -68,5 +68,5 @@ jobs:
    #   make release

    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@2e230e8fe0ad3a14a340ad0815ddb96d599d2aff # v3.25.8
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@df409f7d9260372bd5f19e5b04e83cb3c43714ae # v3.27.9

--- a/.github/workflows/feedback_issue.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/feedback_issue.yaml
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-on:
-  issues:
-    types: [opened]
-
-jobs:
-  comment:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/github-script@60a0d83039c74a4aee543508d2ffcb1c3799cdea # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          github-token: ${{secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN}}
-          script: |
-            github.rest.issues.createComment({
-              issue_number: context.issue.number,
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              body: `👋 Thanks for reporting!
-
-            A maintainer will take a look at your issue shortly. 👀
-
-            In the meantime: We are working on **Viper v2** and we would love to hear your thoughts about what you like or don't like about Viper, so we can improve or fix those issues.
-
-            ⏰ If you have a couple minutes, please take some time and share your thoughts: https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9
-
-            📣 If you've already given us your feedback, you can still help by spreading the news,
-            either by sharing the above link or telling people about this on Twitter:
-
-            https://twitter.com/sagikazarmark/status/1306904078967074816
-
-            **Thank you!** ❤️
-            `,
-            })
--- a/.github/workflows/feedback_pull_request.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/feedback_pull_request.yaml
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-on:
-  pull_request_target:
-    types: [opened]
-
-jobs:
-  comment:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/github-script@60a0d83039c74a4aee543508d2ffcb1c3799cdea # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          github-token: ${{secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN}}
-          script: |
-            github.rest.issues.createComment({
-              issue_number: context.issue.number,
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              body: `👋 Thanks for contributing to Viper! You are awesome! 🎉
-
-            A maintainer will take a look at your pull request shortly. 👀
-
-            In the meantime: We are working on **Viper v2** and we would love to hear your thoughts about what you like or don't like about Viper, so we can improve or fix those issues.
-
-            ⏰ If you have a couple minutes, please take some time and share your thoughts: https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9
-
-            📣 If you've already given us your feedback, you can still help by spreading the news,
-            either by sharing the above link or telling people about this on Twitter:
-
-            https://twitter.com/sagikazarmark/status/1306904078967074816
-
-            **Thank you!** ❤️
-            `,
-            })
--- a/.golangci.yaml
+++ b/.golangci.yaml
@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ linters-settings:
        disabled-checks:
            - importShadow
            - unnamedResult
-    golint:
-        min-confidence: 0
    goimports:
        local-prefixes: github.com/spf13/viper

@ -30,7 +28,6 @@ linters:
        - dupl
        - durationcheck
        - exhaustive
-        - exportloopref
        - gci
        - gocritic
        - godot
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 >
 > **Thank you!**

-![Viper](.github/logo.png?raw=true)
+![viper logo](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/acae9193-2974-41f3-808d-2d433f5ada5e)
+

 [![Mentioned in Awesome Go](https://awesome.re/mentioned-badge-flat.svg)](https://github.com/avelino/awesome-go#configuration)
 [![run on repl.it](https://repl.it/badge/github/sagikazarmark/Viper-example)](https://repl.it/@sagikazarmark/Viper-example#main.go)
@ -11,7 +12,7 @@
 [![GitHub Workflow Status](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/spf13/viper/ci.yaml?branch=master&style=flat-square)](https://github.com/spf13/viper/actions?query=workflow%3ACI)
 [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/spf13/viper](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/spf13/viper?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/spf13/viper?style=flat-square)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/spf13/viper)
-![Go Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/go%20version-%3E=1.21-61CFDD.svg?style=flat-square)
+![Go Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/go%20version-%3E=1.23-61CFDD.svg?style=flat-square)
 [![PkgGoDev](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/mod/github.com/spf13/viper)](https://pkg.go.dev/mod/github.com/spf13/viper)

 **Go configuration with fangs!**
--- a/UPGRADE.md
+++ b/UPGRADE.md
@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# Update Log
+
+**This document details any major updates required to use new features or improvements in Viper.**
+
+## v1.20.x
+
+### New file searching API
+
+Viper now includes a new file searching API that allows users to customize how Viper looks for config files.
+
+Viper accepts a custom [`Finder`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/spf13/viper#Finder) interface implementation:
+
+```go
+// Finder looks for files and directories in an [afero.Fs] filesystem.
+type Finder interface {
+	Find(fsys afero.Fs) ([]string, error)
+}
+```
+
+It is supposed to return a list of paths to config files.
+
+The default implementation uses [github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero](https://github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero) under the hood.
+
+You can supply your own implementation using `WithFinder`:
+
+```go
+v := viper.NewWithOptions(
+    viper.WithFinder(&MyFinder{}),
+)
+```
+
+For more information, check out the [Finder examples](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/spf13/viper#Finder)
+and the [documentation](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero) for the locafero package.
+
+### New encoding API
+
+Viper now allows customizing the encoding layer by providing an API for encoding and decoding configuration data:
+
+```go
+// Encoder encodes Viper's internal data structures into a byte representation.
+// It's primarily used for encoding a map[string]any into a file format.
+type Encoder interface {
+	Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// Decoder decodes the contents of a byte slice into Viper's internal data structures.
+// It's primarily used for decoding contents of a file into a map[string]any.
+type Decoder interface {
+	Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error
+}
+
+// Codec combines [Encoder] and [Decoder] interfaces.
+type Codec interface {
+	Encoder
+	Decoder
+}
+```
+
+By default, Viper includes the following codecs:
+
+- JSON
+- TOML
+- YAML
+- Dotenv
+
+The rest of the codecs are moved to [github.com/go-viper/encoding](https://github.com/go-viper/encoding)
+
+Customizing the encoding layer is possible by providing a custom registry of codecs:
+
+- [Encoder](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/spf13/viper#Encoder) -> [EncoderRegistry](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/spf13/viper#EncoderRegistry)
+- [Decoder](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/spf13/viper#Decoder) -> [DecoderRegistry](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/spf13/viper#DecoderRegistry)
+- [Codec](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/spf13/viper#Codec) -> [CodecRegistry](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/spf13/viper#CodecRegistry)
+
+You can supply the registry of codecs to Viper using the appropriate `With*Registry` function:
+
+```go
+codecRegistry := viper.NewCodecRegistry()
+
+codecRegistry.RegisterCodec("myformat", &MyCodec{})
+
+v := viper.NewWithOptions(
+    viper.WithCodecRegistry(codecRegistry),
+)
+```
+
+### BREAKING: "github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure" depedency replaced
+
+The original [mapstructure](https://github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure) has been [archived](https://github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure/issues/349) and was replaced with a [fork](https://github.com/go-viper/mapstructure) maintained by Viper ([#1723](https://github.com/spf13/viper/pull/1723)).
+
+As a result, the package import path needs to be changed in cases where `mapstructure` is directly referenced in your code.
+
+For example, when providing a custom decoder config:
+
+```go
+err := viper.Unmarshal(&appConfig, func(config *mapstructure.DecoderConfig) {
+	config.TagName = "yaml"
+})
+```
+
+The change is fairly straightforward, just replace all occurrences of the import path `github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure` with `github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2`:
+
+```diff
+- import "github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
+ import "github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2"
+```
+
+### BREAKING: HCL, Java properties, INI removed from core
+
+In order to reduce third-party dependencies, Viper dropped support for the following formats from the core:
+
+- HCL
+- Java properties
+- INI
+
+You can still use these formats though by importing them from [github.com/go-viper/encoding](https://github.com/go-viper/encoding):
+
+```go
+import (
+    "github.com/go-viper/encoding/hcl"
+    "github.com/go-viper/encoding/javaproperties"
+    "github.com/go-viper/encoding/ini"
+)
+
+codecRegistry := viper.NewCodecRegistry()
+
+{
+    codec := hcl.Codec{}
+
+    codecRegistry.RegisterCodec("hcl", codec)
+    codecRegistry.RegisterCodec("tfvars", codec)
+
+}
+
+{
+    codec := &javaproperties.Codec{}
+
+    codecRegistry.RegisterCodec("properties", codec)
+    codecRegistry.RegisterCodec("props", codec)
+    codecRegistry.RegisterCodec("prop", codec)
+}
+
+codecRegistry.RegisterCodec("ini", ini.Codec{})
+
+v := viper.NewWithOptions(
+    viper.WithCodecRegistry(codecRegistry),
+)
+```
--- a/encoding.go
+++ b/encoding.go
@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/dotenv"
+	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/json"
+	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/toml"
+	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/yaml"
+)
+
+// Encoder encodes Viper's internal data structures into a byte representation.
+// It's primarily used for encoding a map[string]any into a file format.
+type Encoder interface {
+	Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// Decoder decodes the contents of a byte slice into Viper's internal data structures.
+// It's primarily used for decoding contents of a file into a map[string]any.
+type Decoder interface {
+	Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error
+}
+
+// Codec combines [Encoder] and [Decoder] interfaces.
+type Codec interface {
+	Encoder
+	Decoder
+}
+
+// TODO: consider adding specific errors for not found scenarios
+
+// EncoderRegistry returns an [Encoder] for a given format.
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+//
+// [EncoderRegistry] returns an error if no [Encoder] is registered for the format.
+type EncoderRegistry interface {
+	Encoder(format string) (Encoder, error)
+}
+
+// DecoderRegistry returns an [Decoder] for a given format.
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+//
+// [DecoderRegistry] returns an error if no [Decoder] is registered for the format.
+type DecoderRegistry interface {
+	Decoder(format string) (Decoder, error)
+}
+
+// [CodecRegistry] combines [EncoderRegistry] and [DecoderRegistry] interfaces.
+type CodecRegistry interface {
+	EncoderRegistry
+	DecoderRegistry
+}
+
+// WithEncoderRegistry sets a custom [EncoderRegistry].
+func WithEncoderRegistry(r EncoderRegistry) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		v.encoderRegistry = r
+	})
+}
+
+// WithDecoderRegistry sets a custom [DecoderRegistry].
+func WithDecoderRegistry(r DecoderRegistry) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		v.decoderRegistry = r
+	})
+}
+
+// WithCodecRegistry sets a custom [EncoderRegistry] and [DecoderRegistry].
+func WithCodecRegistry(r CodecRegistry) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		v.encoderRegistry = r
+		v.decoderRegistry = r
+	})
+}
+
+// DefaultCodecRegistry is a simple implementation of [CodecRegistry] that allows registering custom [Codec]s.
+type DefaultCodecRegistry struct {
+	codecs map[string]Codec
+
+	mu   sync.RWMutex
+	once sync.Once
+}
+
+// NewCodecRegistry returns a new [CodecRegistry], ready to accept custom [Codec]s.
+func NewCodecRegistry() *DefaultCodecRegistry {
+	r := &DefaultCodecRegistry{}
+
+	r.init()
+
+	return r
+}
+
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) init() {
+	r.once.Do(func() {
+		r.codecs = map[string]Codec{}
+	})
+}
+
+// RegisterCodec registers a custom [Codec].
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) RegisterCodec(format string, codec Codec) error {
+	r.init()
+
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	r.codecs[strings.ToLower(format)] = codec
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Encoder implements the [EncoderRegistry] interface.
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) Encoder(format string) (Encoder, error) {
+	encoder, ok := r.codec(format)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("encoder not found for this format")
+	}
+
+	return encoder, nil
+}
+
+// Decoder implements the [DecoderRegistry] interface.
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) Decoder(format string) (Decoder, error) {
+	decoder, ok := r.codec(format)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("decoder not found for this format")
+	}
+
+	return decoder, nil
+}
+
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) codec(format string) (Codec, bool) {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	format = strings.ToLower(format)
+
+	if r.codecs != nil {
+		codec, ok := r.codecs[format]
+		if ok {
+			return codec, true
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch format {
+	case "yaml", "yml":
+		return yaml.Codec{}, true
+
+	case "json":
+		return json.Codec{}, true
+
+	case "toml":
+		return toml.Codec{}, true
+
+	case "dotenv", "env":
+		return &dotenv.Codec{}, true
+	}
+
+	return nil, false
+}
--- a/encoding_test.go
+++ b/encoding_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type codec struct{}
+
+func (codec) Encode(_ map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (codec) Decode(_ []byte, _ map[string]any) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestDefaultCodecRegistry(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		registry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+		c := codec{}
+
+		err := registry.RegisterCodec("myformat", c)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		encoder, err := registry.Encoder("myformat")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, c, encoder)
+
+		decoder, err := registry.Decoder("myformat")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, c, decoder)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("CodecNotFound", func(t *testing.T) {
+		registry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+		_, err := registry.Encoder("myformat")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+
+		_, err = registry.Decoder("myformat")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FormatIsCaseInsensitive", func(t *testing.T) {
+		registry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+		c := codec{}
+
+		err := registry.RegisterCodec("MYFORMAT", c)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		{
+			encoder, err := registry.Encoder("myformat")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, c, encoder)
+		}
+
+		{
+			encoder, err := registry.Encoder("MYFORMAT")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, c, encoder)
+		}
+
+		{
+			decoder, err := registry.Decoder("myformat")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, c, decoder)
+		}
+
+		{
+			decoder, err := registry.Decoder("MYFORMAT")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, c, decoder)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("OverrideDefault", func(t *testing.T) {
+		registry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+		c := codec{}
+
+		err := registry.RegisterCodec("yaml", c)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		encoder, err := registry.Encoder("yaml")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, c, encoder)
+
+		decoder, err := registry.Decoder("yaml")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, c, decoder)
+	})
+}
--- a/finder.go
+++ b/finder.go
@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ import (
 // WithFinder sets a custom [Finder].
 func WithFinder(f Finder) Option {
 	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if f == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
 		v.finder = f
 	})
 }
@ -34,6 +38,10 @@ func (c *combinedFinder) Find(fsys afero.Fs) ([]string, error) {
 	var errs []error

 	for _, finder := range c.finders {
+		if finder == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		r, err := finder.Find(fsys)
 		if err != nil {
 			errs = append(errs, err)
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@ -39,11 +39,11 @@
        "pre-commit-hooks": "pre-commit-hooks"
      },
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1717245169,
-        "narHash": "sha256-+mW3rTBjGU8p1THJN0lX/Dd/8FbnF+3dB+mJuSaxewE=",
+        "lastModified": 1724763216,
+        "narHash": "sha256-oW2bwCrJpIzibCNK6zfIDaIQw765yMAuMSG2gyZfGv0=",
        "owner": "cachix",
        "repo": "devenv",
-        "rev": "c3f9f053c077c6f88a3de5276d9178c62baa3fc3",
+        "rev": "1e4ef61205b9aa20fe04bf1c468b6a316281c4f1",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@ -120,11 +120,11 @@
        "nixpkgs-lib": "nixpkgs-lib"
      },
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1717285511,
-        "narHash": "sha256-iKzJcpdXih14qYVcZ9QC9XuZYnPc6T8YImb6dX166kw=",
+        "lastModified": 1722555600,
+        "narHash": "sha256-XOQkdLafnb/p9ij77byFQjDf5m5QYl9b2REiVClC+x4=",
        "owner": "hercules-ci",
        "repo": "flake-parts",
-        "rev": "2a55567fcf15b1b1c7ed712a2c6fadaec7412ea8",
+        "rev": "8471fe90ad337a8074e957b69ca4d0089218391d",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@ -286,14 +286,14 @@
    },
    "nixpkgs-lib": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1717284937,
-        "narHash": "sha256-lIbdfCsf8LMFloheeE6N31+BMIeixqyQWbSr2vk79EQ=",
+        "lastModified": 1722555339,
+        "narHash": "sha256-uFf2QeW7eAHlYXuDktm9c25OxOyCoUOQmh5SZ9amE5Q=",
        "type": "tarball",
-        "url": "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/eb9ceca17df2ea50a250b6b27f7bf6ab0186f198.tar.gz"
+        "url": "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/a5d394176e64ab29c852d03346c1fc9b0b7d33eb.tar.gz"
      },
      "original": {
        "type": "tarball",
-        "url": "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/eb9ceca17df2ea50a250b6b27f7bf6ab0186f198.tar.gz"
+        "url": "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/a5d394176e64ab29c852d03346c1fc9b0b7d33eb.tar.gz"
      }
    },
    "nixpkgs-regression": {
@ -362,11 +362,11 @@
    },
    "nixpkgs_3": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1717112898,
-        "narHash": "sha256-7R2ZvOnvd9h8fDd65p0JnB7wXfUvreox3xFdYWd1BnY=",
+        "lastModified": 1724748588,
+        "narHash": "sha256-NlpGA4+AIf1dKNq76ps90rxowlFXUsV9x7vK/mN37JM=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "6132b0f6e344ce2fe34fc051b72fb46e34f668e0",
+        "rev": "a6292e34000dc93d43bccf78338770c1c5ec8a99",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
          default = {
            languages = {
              go.enable = true;
-              go.package = pkgs.go_1_22;
+              go.package = pkgs.go_1_23;
            };

            pre-commit.hooks = {
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -1,30 +1,27 @@
 module github.com/spf13/viper

-go 1.21
+go 1.23.0

 require (
-	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0
-	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.0.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0
-	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.7
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2
-	github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.6.0
-	github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0
-	github.com/spf13/cast v1.6.0
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.8.0
+	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.2.1
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3
+	github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.8.0
+	github.com/spf13/afero v1.14.0
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.1
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
 	github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0
-	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 )

 require (
-	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.15.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -1,65 +1,50 @@
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc h1:U9qPSI2PIWSS1VwoXQT9A3Wy9MM3WgvqSxFWenqJduM=
-github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6 h1:7Xjx+VpznH+oBnejlPUj8oUpdxnVs4f8XU8WnHkI4W8=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6/go.mod h1:4ptaffx2x8+WTWXmUCuVU6aPUX1/Mz7zb5vbUoiM6w0=
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0 h1:8JEhPFa5W2WU7YfeZzPNqzMP6Lwt7L2715Ggo0nosvA=
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:40Bi/Hjc2AVfZrqy+aj+yEI+/bRxZnMJyTJwOpGvigM=
-github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.0.0 h1:dhn8MZ1gZ0mzeodTG3jt5Vj/o87xZKuNAprG2mQfMfc=
-github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:oJDH3BJKyqBA2TXFhDsKDGDTlndYOZ6rGS0BRZIxGhM=
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.8.0 h1:dAwr6QBTBZIkG8roQaJjGof0pp0EeF+tNV7YBP3F/8M=
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:8jBTzvmWwFyi3Pb8djgCCO5IBqzKJ/Jwo8TRcHyHii0=
+github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.2.1 h1:ZAaOCxANMuZx5RCeg0mBdEZk7DZasvvZIxtHqx8aGss=
+github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:oJDH3BJKyqBA2TXFhDsKDGDTlndYOZ6rGS0BRZIxGhM=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
-github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 h1:0Anlzjpi4vEasTeNFn2mLJgTSwt0+6sfsiTG8qcWGx4=
-github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0/go.mod h1:E5yfLk+7swimpb2L/Alb/PJmXilQ/rhwaUYs4T20WEQ=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eLer722TekiGuMkidMxC/pM04lWEeraHUUmBw8l2grE=
-github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.7 h1:IeQXZAiQcpL9mgcAe1Nu6cX9LLw6ExEHKjN0VQdvPDY=
-github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.7/go.mod h1:Dhd985XPs7jluiymwWYZ0G4Z61jb3vdS329zhj2hYo0=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2 h1:aYUidT7k73Pcl9nb2gScu7NSrKCSHIDE89b3+6Wq+LM=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:1t835xjRzz80PqgE6HHgN2JOsmgYu/h4qDAS4n929Rs=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3 h1:YmeHyLY8mFWbdkNWwpr+qIL2bEqT0o95WSdkNHvL12M=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:MfCQTFTvCcUyyvvwm1+G6H/jORL20Xlb6rzQu9GuUkc=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
-github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 h1:Jamvg5psRIccs7FGNTlIRMkT8wgtp5eCXdBlqhYGL6U=
-github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0 h1:73kH8U+JUqXU8lRuOHeVHaa/SZPifC7BkcraZVejAe8=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0/go.mod h1:WtVeX8xhTBvf0smdhujwtBcq4Qrzq/fJaraNFVN+nFs=
-github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.6.0 h1:ON7AQg37yzcRPU69mt7gwhFEBwxI6P9T4Qu3N51bwOk=
-github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.6.0/go.mod h1:77OmuIc6VTraTXKXIs/uvUxKGUXjE1GbemJYHqdNjX0=
+github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.8.0 h1:mXaMVw7IqxNBxfv3LdWt9MDmcWDQ1fagDH918lOdVaQ=
+github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.8.0/go.mod h1:UBUyz37V+EdMS3hDF3QWIiVr/2dPrx49OMO0Bn0hJqk=
 github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 h1:OQTbbt6P72L20UqAkXXuLOj79LfEanQ+YQFNpLA9ySo=
 github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0/go.mod h1:Sdozi7LEKbFPqYX2/J+iBAM6HpqSLTASQIKqDmF7Mt0=
-github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0 h1:WJQKhtpdm3v2IzqG8VMqrr6Rf3UYpEF239Jy9wNepM8=
-github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0/go.mod h1:GH9Y3pIexgf1MTIWtNGyogA5MwRIDXGUr+hbWNoBjkY=
-github.com/spf13/cast v1.6.0 h1:GEiTHELF+vaR5dhz3VqZfFSzZjYbgeKDpBxQVS4GYJ0=
-github.com/spf13/cast v1.6.0/go.mod h1:ancEpBxwJDODSW/UG4rDrAqiKolqNNh2DX3mk86cAdo=
-github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 h1:iy+VFUOCP1a+8yFto/drg2CJ5u0yRoB7fZw3DKv/JXA=
-github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5/go.mod h1:McXfInJRrz4CZXVZOBLb0bTZqETkiAhM9Iw0y3An2Bg=
+github.com/spf13/afero v1.14.0 h1:9tH6MapGnn/j0eb0yIXiLjERO8RB6xIVZRDCX7PtqWA=
+github.com/spf13/afero v1.14.0/go.mod h1:acJQ8t0ohCGuMN3O+Pv0V0hgMxNYDlvdk+VTfyZmbYo=
+github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.1 h1:cuNEagBQEHWN1FnbGEjCXL2szYEXqfJPbP2HNUaca9Y=
+github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.1/go.mod h1:ancEpBxwJDODSW/UG4rDrAqiKolqNNh2DX3mk86cAdo=
+github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6 h1:jFzHGLGAlb3ruxLB8MhbI6A8+AQX/2eW4qeyNZXNp2o=
+github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6/go.mod h1:McXfInJRrz4CZXVZOBLb0bTZqETkiAhM9Iw0y3An2Bg=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0 h1:HtqpIVDClZ4nwg75+f6Lvsy/wHu+3BoSGCbBAcpTsTg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0 h1:9NlTDc1FTs4qu0DDq7AEtTPNw6SVm7uBMsUCUjABIf8=
 github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0/go.mod h1:Dk4QP5c2W3ibzajGcXpNraDfq2IrhjMIvMSWPKKo0FU=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0 h1:ECmE8Bn/WFTYwEW/bpKD3M8VtR/zQVbavAoalC1PYyE=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0/go.mod h1:fEN4uk6kAWBTFdckzkM89CLk9XfWZrxpCo0nPH17wJc=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 h1:7fIwc/ZtS0q++VgcfqFDxSBZVv/Xo49/SYnDFupUwlI=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0/go.mod h1:X2jQV1h+kxSjClGpnseKVIxpmcjrj7MNnI0bnlfKTVQ=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0 h1:Od9JTbYCk261bKm4M/mw7AklTlFYIa0bIp9BgSm1S8Y=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/text v0.15.0 h1:h1V/4gjBv8v9cjcR6+AR5+/cIYK5N/WAgiv4xlsEtAk=
-golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 h1:TPYlXGxvx1MGTn2GiZDhnjPA9wZzZeGKHHmKhHYvgaU=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 h1:D71I7dUrlY+VX0gQShAThNGHFxZ13dGLBHQLVl1mJlY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 h1:YR8cESwS4TdDjEe65xsg0ogRM/Nc3DYOhEAlW+xobZo=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 h1:Dgnx+6+nfE+IfzjUEISNeydPJh9AXNNsWbGP9KzCsOA=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
--- a/internal/encoding/decoder.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/decoder.go
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-package encoding
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-)
-
-// Decoder decodes the contents of b into v.
-// It's primarily used for decoding contents of a file into a map[string]any.
-type Decoder interface {
-	Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error
-}
-
-const (
-	// ErrDecoderNotFound is returned when there is no decoder registered for a format.
-	ErrDecoderNotFound = encodingError("decoder not found for this format")
-
-	// ErrDecoderFormatAlreadyRegistered is returned when an decoder is already registered for a format.
-	ErrDecoderFormatAlreadyRegistered = encodingError("decoder already registered for this format")
-)
-
-// DecoderRegistry can choose an appropriate Decoder based on the provided format.
-type DecoderRegistry struct {
-	decoders map[string]Decoder
-
-	mu sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-// NewDecoderRegistry returns a new, initialized DecoderRegistry.
-func NewDecoderRegistry() *DecoderRegistry {
-	return &DecoderRegistry{
-		decoders: make(map[string]Decoder),
-	}
-}
-
-// RegisterDecoder registers a Decoder for a format.
-// Registering a Decoder for an already existing format is not supported.
-func (e *DecoderRegistry) RegisterDecoder(format string, enc Decoder) error {
-	e.mu.Lock()
-	defer e.mu.Unlock()
-
-	if _, ok := e.decoders[format]; ok {
-		return ErrDecoderFormatAlreadyRegistered
-	}
-
-	e.decoders[format] = enc
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Decode calls the underlying Decoder based on the format.
-func (e *DecoderRegistry) Decode(format string, b []byte, v map[string]any) error {
-	e.mu.RLock()
-	decoder, ok := e.decoders[format]
-	e.mu.RUnlock()
-
-	if !ok {
-		return ErrDecoderNotFound
-	}
-
-	return decoder.Decode(b, v)
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/decoder_test.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/decoder_test.go
@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-package encoding
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-type decoder struct {
-	v map[string]any
-}
-
-func (d decoder) Decode(_ []byte, v map[string]any) error {
-	for key, value := range d.v {
-		v[key] = value
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func TestDecoderRegistry_RegisterDecoder(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
-		registry := NewDecoderRegistry()
-
-		err := registry.RegisterDecoder("myformat", decoder{})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("AlreadyRegistered", func(t *testing.T) {
-		registry := NewDecoderRegistry()
-
-		err := registry.RegisterDecoder("myformat", decoder{})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		err = registry.RegisterDecoder("myformat", decoder{})
-		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrDecoderFormatAlreadyRegistered)
-	})
-}
-
-func TestDecoderRegistry_Decode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
-		registry := NewDecoderRegistry()
-		decoder := decoder{
-			v: map[string]any{
-				"key": "value",
-			},
-		}
-
-		err := registry.RegisterDecoder("myformat", decoder)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		v := map[string]any{}
-
-		err = registry.Decode("myformat", []byte("key: value"), v)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, decoder.v, v)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("DecoderNotFound", func(t *testing.T) {
-		registry := NewDecoderRegistry()
-
-		v := map[string]any{}
-
-		err := registry.Decode("myformat", nil, v)
-		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrDecoderNotFound)
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/encoder.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/encoder.go
@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-package encoding
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-)
-
-// Encoder encodes the contents of v into a byte representation.
-// It's primarily used for encoding a map[string]any into a file format.
-type Encoder interface {
-	Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error)
-}
-
-const (
-	// ErrEncoderNotFound is returned when there is no encoder registered for a format.
-	ErrEncoderNotFound = encodingError("encoder not found for this format")
-
-	// ErrEncoderFormatAlreadyRegistered is returned when an encoder is already registered for a format.
-	ErrEncoderFormatAlreadyRegistered = encodingError("encoder already registered for this format")
-)
-
-// EncoderRegistry can choose an appropriate Encoder based on the provided format.
-type EncoderRegistry struct {
-	encoders map[string]Encoder
-
-	mu sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-// NewEncoderRegistry returns a new, initialized EncoderRegistry.
-func NewEncoderRegistry() *EncoderRegistry {
-	return &EncoderRegistry{
-		encoders: make(map[string]Encoder),
-	}
-}
-
-// RegisterEncoder registers an Encoder for a format.
-// Registering a Encoder for an already existing format is not supported.
-func (e *EncoderRegistry) RegisterEncoder(format string, enc Encoder) error {
-	e.mu.Lock()
-	defer e.mu.Unlock()
-
-	if _, ok := e.encoders[format]; ok {
-		return ErrEncoderFormatAlreadyRegistered
-	}
-
-	e.encoders[format] = enc
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (e *EncoderRegistry) Encode(format string, v map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
-	e.mu.RLock()
-	encoder, ok := e.encoders[format]
-	e.mu.RUnlock()
-
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrEncoderNotFound
-	}
-
-	return encoder.Encode(v)
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/encoder_test.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/encoder_test.go
@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-package encoding
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-type encoder struct {
-	b []byte
-}
-
-func (e encoder) Encode(_ map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
-	return e.b, nil
-}
-
-func TestEncoderRegistry_RegisterEncoder(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
-		registry := NewEncoderRegistry()
-
-		err := registry.RegisterEncoder("myformat", encoder{})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("AlreadyRegistered", func(t *testing.T) {
-		registry := NewEncoderRegistry()
-
-		err := registry.RegisterEncoder("myformat", encoder{})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		err = registry.RegisterEncoder("myformat", encoder{})
-		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrEncoderFormatAlreadyRegistered)
-	})
-}
-
-func TestEncoderRegistry_Decode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
-		registry := NewEncoderRegistry()
-		encoder := encoder{
-			b: []byte("key: value"),
-		}
-
-		err := registry.RegisterEncoder("myformat", encoder)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		b, err := registry.Encode("myformat", map[string]any{"key": "value"})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, "key: value", string(b))
-	})
-
-	t.Run("EncoderNotFound", func(t *testing.T) {
-		registry := NewEncoderRegistry()
-
-		_, err := registry.Encode("myformat", map[string]any{"key": "value"})
-		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrEncoderNotFound)
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/error.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/error.go
@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-package encoding
-
-type encodingError string
-
-func (e encodingError) Error() string {
-	return string(e)
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/hcl/codec.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/hcl/codec.go
@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-package hcl
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/json"
-
-	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/hcl/printer"
-)
-
-// Codec implements the encoding.Encoder and encoding.Decoder interfaces for HCL encoding.
-// TODO: add printer config to the codec?
-type Codec struct{}
-
-func (Codec) Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
-	b, err := json.Marshal(v)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// TODO: use printer.Format? Is the trailing newline an issue?
-
-	ast, err := hcl.Parse(string(b))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-
-	err = printer.Fprint(&buf, ast.Node)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return buf.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-func (Codec) Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error {
-	return hcl.Unmarshal(b, &v)
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/hcl/codec_test.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/hcl/codec_test.go
@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-package hcl
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// original form of the data.
-const original = `# key-value pair
-"key" = "value"
-
-// list
-"list" = ["item1", "item2", "item3"]
-
-/* map */
-"map" = {
-  "key" = "value"
-}
-
-/*
-nested map
-*/
-"nested_map" "map" {
-  "key" = "value"
-
-  "list" = ["item1", "item2", "item3"]
-}`
-
-// encoded form of the data.
-const encoded = `"key" = "value"
-
-"list" = ["item1", "item2", "item3"]
-
-"map" = {
-  "key" = "value"
-}
-
-"nested_map" "map" {
-  "key" = "value"
-
-  "list" = ["item1", "item2", "item3"]
-}`
-
-// decoded form of the data.
-//
-// In case of HCL it's slightly different from Viper's internal representation
-// (e.g. map is decoded into a list of maps).
-var decoded = map[string]any{
-	"key": "value",
-	"list": []any{
-		"item1",
-		"item2",
-		"item3",
-	},
-	"map": []map[string]any{
-		{
-			"key": "value",
-		},
-	},
-	"nested_map": []map[string]any{
-		{
-			"map": []map[string]any{
-				{
-					"key": "value",
-					"list": []any{
-						"item1",
-						"item2",
-						"item3",
-					},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	},
-}
-
-// data is Viper's internal representation.
-var data = map[string]any{
-	"key": "value",
-	"list": []any{
-		"item1",
-		"item2",
-		"item3",
-	},
-	"map": map[string]any{
-		"key": "value",
-	},
-	"nested_map": map[string]any{
-		"map": map[string]any{
-			"key": "value",
-			"list": []any{
-				"item1",
-				"item2",
-				"item3",
-			},
-		},
-	},
-}
-
-func TestCodec_Encode(t *testing.T) {
-	codec := Codec{}
-
-	b, err := codec.Encode(data)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
-}
-
-func TestCodec_Decode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
-		codec := Codec{}
-
-		v := map[string]any{}
-
-		err := codec.Decode([]byte(original), v)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, decoded, v)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("InvalidData", func(t *testing.T) {
-		codec := Codec{}
-
-		v := map[string]any{}
-
-		err := codec.Decode([]byte(`invalid data`), v)
-		require.Error(t, err)
-
-		t.Logf("decoding failed as expected: %s", err)
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/ini/codec.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/ini/codec.go
@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-package ini
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"sort"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/cast"
-	"gopkg.in/ini.v1"
-)
-
-// LoadOptions contains all customized options used for load data source(s).
-// This type is added here for convenience: this way consumers can import a single package called "ini".
-type LoadOptions = ini.LoadOptions
-
-// Codec implements the encoding.Encoder and encoding.Decoder interfaces for INI encoding.
-type Codec struct {
-	KeyDelimiter string
-	LoadOptions  LoadOptions
-}
-
-func (c Codec) Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
-	cfg := ini.Empty()
-	ini.PrettyFormat = false
-
-	flattened := map[string]any{}
-
-	flattened = flattenAndMergeMap(flattened, v, "", c.keyDelimiter())
-
-	keys := make([]string, 0, len(flattened))
-
-	for key := range flattened {
-		keys = append(keys, key)
-	}
-
-	sort.Strings(keys)
-
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		sectionName, keyName := "", key
-
-		lastSep := strings.LastIndex(key, ".")
-		if lastSep != -1 {
-			sectionName = key[:(lastSep)]
-			keyName = key[(lastSep + 1):]
-		}
-
-		// TODO: is this a good idea?
-		if sectionName == "default" {
-			sectionName = ""
-		}
-
-		cfg.Section(sectionName).Key(keyName).SetValue(cast.ToString(flattened[key]))
-	}
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-
-	_, err := cfg.WriteTo(&buf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return buf.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-func (c Codec) Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error {
-	cfg := ini.Empty(c.LoadOptions)
-
-	err := cfg.Append(b)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	sections := cfg.Sections()
-
-	for i := 0; i < len(sections); i++ {
-		section := sections[i]
-		keys := section.Keys()
-
-		for j := 0; j < len(keys); j++ {
-			key := keys[j]
-			value := cfg.Section(section.Name()).Key(key.Name()).String()
-
-			deepestMap := deepSearch(v, strings.Split(section.Name(), c.keyDelimiter()))
-
-			// set innermost value
-			deepestMap[key.Name()] = value
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c Codec) keyDelimiter() string {
-	if c.KeyDelimiter == "" {
-		return "."
-	}
-
-	return c.KeyDelimiter
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/ini/codec_test.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/ini/codec_test.go
@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-package ini
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// original form of the data.
-const original = `; key-value pair
-key=value ; key-value pair
-
-# map
-[map] # map
-key=%(key)s
-
-`
-
-// encoded form of the data.
-const encoded = `key=value
-
-[map]
-key=value
-`
-
-// decoded form of the data.
-//
-// In case of INI it's slightly different from Viper's internal representation
-// (e.g. top level keys land in a section called default).
-var decoded = map[string]any{
-	"DEFAULT": map[string]any{
-		"key": "value",
-	},
-	"map": map[string]any{
-		"key": "value",
-	},
-}
-
-// data is Viper's internal representation.
-var data = map[string]any{
-	"key": "value",
-	"map": map[string]any{
-		"key": "value",
-	},
-}
-
-func TestCodec_Encode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
-		codec := Codec{}
-
-		b, err := codec.Encode(data)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
-	})
-
-	t.Run("Default", func(t *testing.T) {
-		codec := Codec{}
-
-		data := map[string]any{
-			"default": map[string]any{
-				"key": "value",
-			},
-			"map": map[string]any{
-				"key": "value",
-			},
-		}
-
-		b, err := codec.Encode(data)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
-	})
-}
-
-func TestCodec_Decode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
-		codec := Codec{}
-
-		v := map[string]any{}
-
-		err := codec.Decode([]byte(original), v)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, decoded, v)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("InvalidData", func(t *testing.T) {
-		codec := Codec{}
-
-		v := map[string]any{}
-
-		err := codec.Decode([]byte(`invalid data`), v)
-		require.Error(t, err)
-
-		t.Logf("decoding failed as expected: %s", err)
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/ini/map_utils.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/ini/map_utils.go
@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-package ini
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/cast"
-)
-
-// THIS CODE IS COPIED HERE: IT SHOULD NOT BE MODIFIED
-// AT SOME POINT IT WILL BE MOVED TO A COMMON PLACE
-// deepSearch scans deep maps, following the key indexes listed in the
-// sequence "path".
-// The last value is expected to be another map, and is returned.
-//
-// In case intermediate keys do not exist, or map to a non-map value,
-// a new map is created and inserted, and the search continues from there:
-// the initial map "m" may be modified!
-func deepSearch(m map[string]any, path []string) map[string]any {
-	for _, k := range path {
-		m2, ok := m[k]
-		if !ok {
-			// intermediate key does not exist
-			// => create it and continue from there
-			m3 := make(map[string]any)
-			m[k] = m3
-			m = m3
-			continue
-		}
-		m3, ok := m2.(map[string]any)
-		if !ok {
-			// intermediate key is a value
-			// => replace with a new map
-			m3 = make(map[string]any)
-			m[k] = m3
-		}
-		// continue search from here
-		m = m3
-	}
-	return m
-}
-
-// flattenAndMergeMap recursively flattens the given map into a new map
-// Code is based on the function with the same name in the main package.
-// TODO: move it to a common place.
-func flattenAndMergeMap(shadow, m map[string]any, prefix, delimiter string) map[string]any {
-	if shadow != nil && prefix != "" && shadow[prefix] != nil {
-		// prefix is shadowed => nothing more to flatten
-		return shadow
-	}
-	if shadow == nil {
-		shadow = make(map[string]any)
-	}
-
-	var m2 map[string]any
-	if prefix != "" {
-		prefix += delimiter
-	}
-	for k, val := range m {
-		fullKey := prefix + k
-		switch val := val.(type) {
-		case map[string]any:
-			m2 = val
-		case map[any]any:
-			m2 = cast.ToStringMap(val)
-		default:
-			// immediate value
-			shadow[strings.ToLower(fullKey)] = val
-			continue
-		}
-		// recursively merge to shadow map
-		shadow = flattenAndMergeMap(shadow, m2, fullKey, delimiter)
-	}
-	return shadow
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/javaproperties/codec.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/javaproperties/codec.go
@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-package javaproperties
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"sort"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/magiconair/properties"
-	"github.com/spf13/cast"
-)
-
-// Codec implements the encoding.Encoder and encoding.Decoder interfaces for Java properties encoding.
-type Codec struct {
-	KeyDelimiter string
-
-	// Store read properties on the object so that we can write back in order with comments.
-	// This will only be used if the configuration read is a properties file.
-	// TODO: drop this feature in v2
-	// TODO: make use of the global properties object optional
-	Properties *properties.Properties
-}
-
-func (c *Codec) Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
-	if c.Properties == nil {
-		c.Properties = properties.NewProperties()
-	}
-
-	flattened := map[string]any{}
-
-	flattened = flattenAndMergeMap(flattened, v, "", c.keyDelimiter())
-
-	keys := make([]string, 0, len(flattened))
-
-	for key := range flattened {
-		keys = append(keys, key)
-	}
-
-	sort.Strings(keys)
-
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		_, _, err := c.Properties.Set(key, cast.ToString(flattened[key]))
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-
-	_, err := c.Properties.WriteComment(&buf, "#", properties.UTF8)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return buf.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-func (c *Codec) Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error {
-	var err error
-	c.Properties, err = properties.Load(b, properties.UTF8)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, key := range c.Properties.Keys() {
-		// ignore existence check: we know it's there
-		value, _ := c.Properties.Get(key)
-
-		// recursively build nested maps
-		path := strings.Split(key, c.keyDelimiter())
-		lastKey := strings.ToLower(path[len(path)-1])
-		deepestMap := deepSearch(v, path[0:len(path)-1])
-
-		// set innermost value
-		deepestMap[lastKey] = value
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c Codec) keyDelimiter() string {
-	if c.KeyDelimiter == "" {
-		return "."
-	}
-
-	return c.KeyDelimiter
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/javaproperties/codec_test.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/javaproperties/codec_test.go
@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-package javaproperties
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// original form of the data.
-const original = `#key-value pair
-key = value
-map.key = value
-`
-
-// encoded form of the data.
-const encoded = `key = value
-map.key = value
-`
-
-// data is Viper's internal representation.
-var data = map[string]any{
-	"key": "value",
-	"map": map[string]any{
-		"key": "value",
-	},
-}
-
-func TestCodec_Encode(t *testing.T) {
-	codec := Codec{}
-
-	b, err := codec.Encode(data)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
-}
-
-func TestCodec_Decode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
-		codec := Codec{}
-
-		v := map[string]any{}
-
-		err := codec.Decode([]byte(original), v)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, data, v)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("InvalidData", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Skip("TODO: needs invalid data example")
-
-		codec := Codec{}
-
-		v := map[string]any{}
-
-		codec.Decode([]byte(``), v)
-
-		assert.Empty(t, v)
-	})
-}
-
-func TestCodec_DecodeEncode(t *testing.T) {
-	codec := Codec{}
-
-	v := map[string]any{}
-
-	err := codec.Decode([]byte(original), v)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	b, err := codec.Encode(data)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, original, string(b))
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/javaproperties/map_utils.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/javaproperties/map_utils.go
@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-package javaproperties
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/cast"
-)
-
-// THIS CODE IS COPIED HERE: IT SHOULD NOT BE MODIFIED
-// AT SOME POINT IT WILL BE MOVED TO A COMMON PLACE
-// deepSearch scans deep maps, following the key indexes listed in the
-// sequence "path".
-// The last value is expected to be another map, and is returned.
-//
-// In case intermediate keys do not exist, or map to a non-map value,
-// a new map is created and inserted, and the search continues from there:
-// the initial map "m" may be modified!
-func deepSearch(m map[string]any, path []string) map[string]any {
-	for _, k := range path {
-		m2, ok := m[k]
-		if !ok {
-			// intermediate key does not exist
-			// => create it and continue from there
-			m3 := make(map[string]any)
-			m[k] = m3
-			m = m3
-			continue
-		}
-		m3, ok := m2.(map[string]any)
-		if !ok {
-			// intermediate key is a value
-			// => replace with a new map
-			m3 = make(map[string]any)
-			m[k] = m3
-		}
-		// continue search from here
-		m = m3
-	}
-	return m
-}
-
-// flattenAndMergeMap recursively flattens the given map into a new map
-// Code is based on the function with the same name in the main package.
-// TODO: move it to a common place.
-func flattenAndMergeMap(shadow, m map[string]any, prefix, delimiter string) map[string]any {
-	if shadow != nil && prefix != "" && shadow[prefix] != nil {
-		// prefix is shadowed => nothing more to flatten
-		return shadow
-	}
-	if shadow == nil {
-		shadow = make(map[string]any)
-	}
-
-	var m2 map[string]any
-	if prefix != "" {
-		prefix += delimiter
-	}
-	for k, val := range m {
-		fullKey := prefix + k
-		switch val := val.(type) {
-		case map[string]any:
-			m2 = val
-		case map[any]any:
-			m2 = cast.ToStringMap(val)
-		default:
-			// immediate value
-			shadow[strings.ToLower(fullKey)] = val
-			continue
-		}
-		// recursively merge to shadow map
-		shadow = flattenAndMergeMap(shadow, m2, fullKey, delimiter)
-	}
-	return shadow
-}
--- a/internal/encoding/json/codec_test.go
+++ b/internal/encoding/json/codec_test.go
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func TestCodec_Encode(t *testing.T) {
 	b, err := codec.Encode(data)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
+	assert.JSONEq(t, encoded, string(b))
 }

 func TestCodec_Decode(t *testing.T) {
--- a/remote.go
+++ b/remote.go
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 )

 // SupportedRemoteProviders are universally supported remote providers.
@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ func AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path string) error {
 }

 func (v *Viper) AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path string) error {
-	if !stringInSlice(provider, SupportedRemoteProviders) {
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedRemoteProviders, provider) {
 		return UnsupportedRemoteProviderError(provider)
 	}
 	if provider != "" && endpoint != "" {
@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ func AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring string) err
 }

 func (v *Viper) AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring string) error {
-	if !stringInSlice(provider, SupportedRemoteProviders) {
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedRemoteProviders, provider) {
 		return UnsupportedRemoteProviderError(provider)
 	}
 	if provider != "" && endpoint != "" {
--- a/remote/go.mod
+++ b/remote/go.mod
@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
 module github.com/spf13/viper/remote

-go 1.21
+go 1.23.0

 replace github.com/spf13/viper => ../

 require (
-	github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt v0.20.0
-	github.com/spf13/viper v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
+	github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt v0.28.0
+	github.com/spf13/viper v1.20.0
 )

 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go v0.112.2 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.4.1 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.15.0 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.5 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go v0.116.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.15.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.7 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.17.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/fatih/color v1.14.1 // indirect
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
-	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
-	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.7 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.12.4 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.28.2 // indirect
+	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.5 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.1 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.30.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-hclog v1.5.0 // indirect
@ -39,55 +39,53 @@ require (
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-rootcerts v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/serf v0.10.1 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.2 // indirect
-	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.7 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.17 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/nats-io/nats.go v1.34.1 // indirect
-	github.com/nats-io/nkeys v0.4.7 // indirect
+	github.com/nats-io/nats.go v1.38.0 // indirect
+	github.com/nats-io/nkeys v0.4.9 // indirect
 	github.com/nats-io/nuid v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
-	github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.8.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0 // indirect
-	github.com/spf13/cast v1.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/afero v1.14.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.1 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6 // indirect
 	github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0 // indirect
-	go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.13 // indirect
-	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.13 // indirect
-	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.13 // indirect
-	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.13 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.19 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.19 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.19 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.19 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.59.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.59.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.34.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.34.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.34.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.21.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230817173708-d852ddb80c63 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.25.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.15.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/api v0.179.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240227224415-6ceb2ff114de // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240415180920-8c6c420018be // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240429193739-8cf5692501f6 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.63.2 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.37.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.28.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.11.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/api v0.226.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20241118233622-e639e219e697 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250106144421-5f5ef82da422 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250303144028-a0af3efb3deb // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.5 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
--- a/remote/go.sum
+++ b/remote/go.sum
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.112.2 h1:ZaGT6LiG7dBzi6zNOvVZwacaXlmf3lRqnC4DQzqyRQw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.112.2/go.mod h1:iEqjp//KquGIJV/m+Pk3xecgKNhV+ry+vVTsy4TbDms=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.4.1 h1:Z7YNIhlWRtrnKlZke7z3GMqzvuYzdc2z98F9D1NV5Hg=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.4.1/go.mod h1:QVBuVEKpCn4Zp58hzRGvL0tjRGU0YqdRTdCHM1IHnro=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 h1:+TTV8aXpjeChS9M+aTtN/TjdQnzJvmzKFt//oWu7HX4=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2/go.mod h1:wcYjgpZI9+Yu7LyYBg4pqSiaRkfEK3GQcpb7C/uyF1Q=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0 h1:Tz+eQXMEqDIKRsmY3cHTL6FVaynIjX2QxYC4trgAKZc=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0/go.mod h1:zFmK7XCadkQkj6TtorcaGlCW1hT1fIilQDwofLpJ20k=
-cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.15.0 h1:/k8ppuWOtNuDHt2tsRV42yI21uaGnKDEQnRFeBpbFF8=
-cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.15.0/go.mod h1:GWOxFXcv8GZUtYpWHw/w6IuYNux/BtmeVTMmjrm4yhk=
-cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.5 h1:GOE6pZFdSrTb4KAiKnXsJBtlE6mEyaW44oKyMILWnOg=
-cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.5/go.mod h1:WV2LAxD8/rg5Z1cNW6FJ/ZpX4E4VnDnoTk0yawPBB7s=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.116.0 h1:B3fRrSDkLRt5qSHWe40ERJvhvnQwdZiHu0bJOpldweE=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.116.0/go.mod h1:cEPSRWPzZEswwdr9BxE6ChEn01dWlTaF05LiC2Xs70U=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.15.0 h1:Ly0u4aA5vG/fsSsxu98qCQBemXtAtJf+95z9HK+cxps=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.15.0/go.mod h1:WJDGqZ1o9E9wKIL+IwStfyn/+s59zl4Bi+1KQNVXLZ8=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.7 h1:/Lc7xODdqcEw8IrZ9SvwnlLX6j9FHQM74z6cBk9Rw6M=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.7/go.mod h1:NTbTTzfvPl1Y3V1nPpOgl2w6d/FjO7NNUQaWSox6ZMc=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0 h1:A6hENjEsCDtC1k8byVsgwvVcioamEHvZ4j01OwKxG9I=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0/go.mod h1:FjyFAW1MW0C203CEOMDTu3Dk1FlqW3Rga40jzHL4hfg=
+cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.17.0 h1:iEd1LBbkDZTFsLw3sTH50eyg4qe8eoG6CjocmEXO9aQ=
+cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.17.0/go.mod h1:69uPx1papBsY8ZETooc71fOhoKkD70Q1DwMrtKuOT/Y=
+cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.2 h1:xjDfh1pQcWPEvnfjZmwjKQEcHnpz6lHjfy7Fo0MK+hc=
+cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.2/go.mod h1:k/vIs83RN4bE3YCswdXC5PFfWVILjm3hpEUlSko4PiI=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/DataDog/datadog-go v3.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:LButxg5PwREeZtORoXG3tL4fMGNddJ+vMq1mwgfaqoQ=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
@ -50,26 +50,26 @@ github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.1.0/go.mod h1:iSmxcyjqTsJpI2R4NaDN7
 github.com/fatih/color v1.7.0/go.mod h1:Zm6kSWBoL9eyXnKyktHP6abPY2pDugNf5KwzbycvMj4=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.9.0/go.mod h1:eQcE1qtQxscV5RaZvpXrrb8Drkc3/DdQ+uUYCNjL+zU=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0/go.mod h1:kLAiJbzzSOZDVNGyDpeOxJ47H46qBXwg5ILebYFFOfk=
-github.com/fatih/color v1.14.1 h1:qfhVLaG5s+nCROl1zJsZRxFeYrHLqWroPOQ8BWiNb4w=
-github.com/fatih/color v1.14.1/go.mod h1:2oHN61fhTpgcxD3TSWCgKDiH1+x4OiDVVGH8WlgGZGg=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0 h1:zmkK9Ngbjj+K0yRhTVONQh1p/HknKYSlNT+vZCzyokM=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0/go.mod h1:fL2Sau1YI5c0pdGEVCbKQbLXB6edEj1ZgiY4NijnWvE=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 h1:NFTV2Zj1bL4mc9sqWACXbQFVBBg2W3GPvqp8/ESS2Wg=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6 h1:7Xjx+VpznH+oBnejlPUj8oUpdxnVs4f8XU8WnHkI4W8=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6/go.mod h1:4ptaffx2x8+WTWXmUCuVU6aPUX1/Mz7zb5vbUoiM6w0=
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0 h1:8JEhPFa5W2WU7YfeZzPNqzMP6Lwt7L2715Ggo0nosvA=
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:40Bi/Hjc2AVfZrqy+aj+yEI+/bRxZnMJyTJwOpGvigM=
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.8.0 h1:dAwr6QBTBZIkG8roQaJjGof0pp0EeF+tNV7YBP3F/8M=
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:8jBTzvmWwFyi3Pb8djgCCO5IBqzKJ/Jwo8TRcHyHii0=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.3.0/go.mod h1:Qt1PoO58o5twSAckw1HlFXLmHsOX5/0LbT9GBnD5lWE=
 github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.4.0/go.mod h1:3RMwSq7FuexP4Kalkev3ejPJsZTpXXBr9+V4qmtdjCk=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
-github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.1 h1:pKouT5E8xu9zeFC39JXRDukb6JFQPXM5p5I91188VAQ=
-github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.1/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 h1:6pFjapn8bFcIbiKo3XT4j/BhANplGihG6tvd+8rYgrY=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 h1:hSWxHoqTgW2S2qGc0LTAI563KZ5YKYRhT3MFKZMbjag=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:mMo/vtBO5dYbehREoey6XUKy/eSumjCCveDpRre4VKE=
 github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.0/go.mod h1:v0f6uXyyMGvRgIKkXu+yp6POWl0qKG85gN/melR3HDY=
-github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.0.0 h1:dhn8MZ1gZ0mzeodTG3jt5Vj/o87xZKuNAprG2mQfMfc=
-github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:oJDH3BJKyqBA2TXFhDsKDGDTlndYOZ6rGS0BRZIxGhM=
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@ -100,20 +100,22 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMyw
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@ -148,8 +150,6 @@ github.com/hashicorp/go-version v1.2.1/go.mod h1:fltr4n8CU8Ke44wwGCBoEymUuxUHl09
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@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12/go.mod h1:e30LSqwooZae/UwlEbR2852Gd8hjQvJoHm
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@ -174,8 +174,6 @@ github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
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@ -189,8 +187,8 @@ github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.11/go.mod h1:PhnuNfih5lzO57/f3n+odYbM4JtupLOxQOA
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@ -209,17 +207,17 @@ github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.1/go.mod h1:bx2lNnkwVCuqBIxFjflWJWanXIb3Rllmb
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@ -241,31 +239,30 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.9.1/go.mod h1:yhUN8i9wzaXS3w1O07YhxHEBxD+W35wd8b
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@ -274,37 +271,40 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.2/go.mod h1:R6va5+xMeoiuVRoj+gSkQ7d3FALtqAAGI1FQKckRals=
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@ -320,8 +320,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACk
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190923035154-9ee001bba392/go.mod h1:/lpIB1dKB+9EgE3H3cr1v9wB50oz8l4C4h62xy7jSTY=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0 h1:dIJU/v2J8Mdglj/8rJ6UUOM3Zc9zLZxVZwwxMooUSAI=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
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 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230817173708-d852ddb80c63 h1:m64FZMko/V45gv0bNmrNYoDEq8U5YUhetc9cBWKS1TQ=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230817173708-d852ddb80c63/go.mod h1:0v4NqG35kSWCMzLaMeX+IQrlSnVE/bqGSyC2cz/9Le8=
@ -347,11 +347,11 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201110031124-69a78807bb2b/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwY
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210410081132-afb366fc7cd1/go.mod h1:9tjilg8BloeKEkVJvy7fQ90B1CfIiPueXVOjqfkSzI8=
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 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
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 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20180314180146-1d60e4601c6f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
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@ -359,8 +359,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190911185100-cd5d95a43a6e/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
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@ -385,17 +385,18 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210927094055-39ccf1dd6fa6/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220503163025-988cb79eb6c6/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
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-golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 h1:o7cqy6amK/52YcAKIPlM3a+Fpj35zvRj2TP+e1xFSfk=
-golang.org/x/time v0.5.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 h1:D71I7dUrlY+VX0gQShAThNGHFxZ13dGLBHQLVl1mJlY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
+golang.org/x/time v0.11.0 h1:/bpjEDfN9tkoN/ryeYHnv5hcMlc8ncjMcM4XBk5NWV0=
+golang.org/x/time v0.11.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190114222345-bf090417da8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190226205152-f727befe758c/go.mod h1:9Yl7xja0Znq3iFh3HoIrodX9oNMXvdceNzlUR8zjMvY=
@ -410,26 +411,26 @@ golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8T
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-google.golang.org/api v0.179.0 h1:QyHDLm/HqM7ysaHgGO0wu7P4NbwbimnOoKxu5Cfdx8s=
-google.golang.org/api v0.179.0/go.mod h1:51AiyoEg1MJPSZ9zvklA8VnRILPXxn1iVen9v25XHAE=
+google.golang.org/api v0.226.0 h1:9A29y1XUD+YRXfnHkO66KggxHBZWg9LsTGqm7TkUvtQ=
+google.golang.org/api v0.226.0/go.mod h1:WP/0Xm4LVvMOCldfvOISnWquSRWbG2kArDZcg+W2DbY=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20180817151627-c66870c02cf8/go.mod h1:JiN7NxoALGmiZfu7CAH4rXhgtRTLTxftemlI0sWmxmc=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190819201941-24fa4b261c55/go.mod h1:DMBHOl98Agz4BDEuKkezgsaosCRResVns1a3J2ZsMNc=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200526211855-cb27e3aa2013/go.mod h1:NbSheEEYHJ7i3ixzK3sjbqSGDJWnxyFXZblF3eUsNvo=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240227224415-6ceb2ff114de h1:F6qOa9AZTYJXOUEr4jDysRDLrm4PHePlge4v4TGAlxY=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240227224415-6ceb2ff114de/go.mod h1:VUhTRKeHn9wwcdrk73nvdC9gF178Tzhmt/qyaFcPLSo=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240415180920-8c6c420018be h1:Zz7rLWqp0ApfsR/l7+zSHhY3PMiH2xqgxlfYfAfNpoU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240415180920-8c6c420018be/go.mod h1:dvdCTIoAGbkWbcIKBniID56/7XHTt6WfxXNMxuziJ+w=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240429193739-8cf5692501f6 h1:DujSIu+2tC9Ht0aPNA7jgj23Iq8Ewi5sgkQ++wdvonE=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240429193739-8cf5692501f6/go.mod h1:WtryC6hu0hhx87FDGxWCDptyssuo68sk10vYjF+T9fY=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20241118233622-e639e219e697 h1:ToEetK57OidYuqD4Q5w+vfEnPvPpuTwedCNVohYJfNk=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20241118233622-e639e219e697/go.mod h1:JJrvXBWRZaFMxBufik1a4RpFw4HhgVtBBWQeQgUj2cc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250106144421-5f5ef82da422 h1:GVIKPyP/kLIyVOgOnTwFOrvQaQUzOzGMCxgFUOEmm24=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250106144421-5f5ef82da422/go.mod h1:b6h1vNKhxaSoEI+5jc3PJUCustfli/mRab7295pY7rw=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250303144028-a0af3efb3deb h1:TLPQVbx1GJ8VKZxz52VAxl1EBgKXXbTiU9Fc5fZeLn4=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250303144028-a0af3efb3deb/go.mod h1:LuRYeWDFV6WOn90g357N17oMCaxpgCnbi/44qJvDn2I=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.23.0/go.mod h1:Y5yQAOtifL1yxbo5wqy6BxZv8vAUGQwXBOALyacEbxg=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.25.1/go.mod h1:c3i+UQWmh7LiEpx4sFZnkU36qjEYZ0imhYfXVyQciAY=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.27.0/go.mod h1:qbnxyOmOxrQa7FizSgH+ReBfzJrCY1pSN7KXBS8abTk=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2/go.mod h1:JMHMWHQWaTccqQQlmk3MJZS+GWXOdAesneDmEnv2fbc=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.63.2 h1:MUeiw1B2maTVZthpU5xvASfTh3LDbxHd6IJ6QQVU+xM=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.63.2/go.mod h1:WAX/8DgncnokcFUldAxq7GeB5DXHDbMF+lLvDomNkRA=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0 h1:kF77BGdPTQ4/JZWMlb9VpJ5pa25aqvVqogsxNHHdeBg=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0/go.mod h1:H0GRtasmQOh9LkFoCPDu3ZrwUtD1YGE+b2vYBYd/8Ec=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200228230310-ab0ca4ff8a60/go.mod h1:cfTl7dwQJ+fmap5saPgwCLgHXTUD7jkjRqWcaiX5VyM=
@ -439,15 +440,14 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.22.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1 h1:9ddQBjfCyZPOHPUiPxpYESBLc+T8P3E+Vo4IbKZgFWg=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1/go.mod h1:c6P6GXX6sHbq/GpV6MGZEdwhWPcYBgnhAHhKbcUYpos=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.5 h1:tPhr+woSbjfYvY6/GPufUoYizxw1cF/yFoxJ2fmpwlM=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.5/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 h1:YR8cESwS4TdDjEe65xsg0ogRM/Nc3DYOhEAlW+xobZo=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 h1:Dgnx+6+nfE+IfzjUEISNeydPJh9AXNNsWbGP9KzCsOA=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
--- a/util.go
+++ b/util.go
@ -128,15 +128,6 @@ func absPathify(logger *slog.Logger, inPath string) string {
 	return ""
 }

-func stringInSlice(a string, list []string) bool {
-	for _, b := range list {
-		if b == a {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 func userHomeDir() string {
 	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
 		home := os.Getenv("HOMEDRIVE") + os.Getenv("HOMEPATH")
--- a/viper.go
+++ b/viper.go
@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@ -40,14 +41,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"

-	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/dotenv"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/hcl"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/ini"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/javaproperties"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/json"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/toml"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/yaml"
 	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/features"
 )

@ -170,9 +163,6 @@ type Viper struct {
 	configPermissions os.FileMode
 	envPrefix         string

-	// Specific commands for ini parsing
-	iniLoadOptions ini.LoadOptions
-
 	automaticEnvApplied bool
 	envKeyReplacer      StringReplacer
 	allowEmptyEnv       bool
@ -191,9 +181,10 @@ type Viper struct {

 	logger *slog.Logger

-	// TODO: should probably be protected with a mutex
-	encoderRegistry *encoding.EncoderRegistry
-	decoderRegistry *encoding.DecoderRegistry
+	encoderRegistry EncoderRegistry
+	decoderRegistry DecoderRegistry
+
+	decodeHook mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc

 	experimentalFinder     bool
 	experimentalBindStruct bool
@ -217,7 +208,10 @@ func New() *Viper {
 	v.typeByDefValue = false
 	v.logger = slog.New(&discardHandler{})

-	v.resetEncoding()
+	codecRegistry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+	v.encoderRegistry = codecRegistry
+	v.decoderRegistry = codecRegistry

 	v.experimentalFinder = features.Finder
 	v.experimentalBindStruct = features.BindStruct
@ -256,10 +250,25 @@ type StringReplacer interface {
 // EnvKeyReplacer sets a replacer used for mapping environment variables to internal keys.
 func EnvKeyReplacer(r StringReplacer) Option {
 	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
 		v.envKeyReplacer = r
 	})
 }

+// WithDecodeHook sets a default decode hook for mapstructure.
+func WithDecodeHook(h mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if h == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		v.decodeHook = h
+	})
+}
+
 // NewWithOptions creates a new Viper instance.
 func NewWithOptions(opts ...Option) *Viper {
 	v := New()
@ -268,8 +277,6 @@ func NewWithOptions(opts ...Option) *Viper {
 		opt.apply(v)
 	}

-	v.resetEncoding()
-
 	return v
 }

@ -278,16 +285,9 @@ func NewWithOptions(opts ...Option) *Viper {
 // Be careful when using this function: subsequent calls may override options you set.
 // It's always better to use a local Viper instance.
 func SetOptions(opts ...Option) {
-	keyDelim := v.keyDelim
-
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		opt.apply(v)
 	}
-
-	// reset encoding if key delimiter changed
-	if keyDelim != v.keyDelim {
-		v.resetEncoding()
-	}
 }

 // Reset is intended for testing, will reset all to default settings.
@ -300,84 +300,6 @@ func Reset() {
 	resetRemote()
 }

-// TODO: make this lazy initialization instead.
-func (v *Viper) resetEncoding() {
-	encoderRegistry := encoding.NewEncoderRegistry()
-	decoderRegistry := encoding.NewDecoderRegistry()
-
-	{
-		codec := yaml.Codec{}
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("yaml", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("yaml", codec)
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("yml", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("yml", codec)
-	}
-
-	{
-		codec := json.Codec{}
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("json", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("json", codec)
-	}
-
-	{
-		codec := toml.Codec{}
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("toml", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("toml", codec)
-	}
-
-	{
-		codec := hcl.Codec{}
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("hcl", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("hcl", codec)
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("tfvars", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("tfvars", codec)
-	}
-
-	{
-		codec := ini.Codec{
-			KeyDelimiter: v.keyDelim,
-			LoadOptions:  v.iniLoadOptions,
-		}
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("ini", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("ini", codec)
-	}
-
-	{
-		codec := &javaproperties.Codec{
-			KeyDelimiter: v.keyDelim,
-		}
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("properties", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("properties", codec)
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("props", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("props", codec)
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("prop", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("prop", codec)
-	}
-
-	{
-		codec := &dotenv.Codec{}
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("dotenv", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("dotenv", codec)
-
-		encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("env", codec)
-		decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("env", codec)
-	}
-
-	v.encoderRegistry = encoderRegistry
-	v.decoderRegistry = decoderRegistry
-}
-
 // SupportedExts are universally supported extensions.
 var SupportedExts = []string{"json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "hcl", "tfvars", "dotenv", "env", "ini"}

@ -539,7 +461,7 @@ func (v *Viper) AddConfigPath(in string) {
 		absin := absPathify(v.logger, in)

 		v.logger.Info("adding path to search paths", "path", absin)
-		if !stringInSlice(absin, v.configPaths) {
+		if !slices.Contains(v.configPaths, absin) {
 			v.configPaths = append(v.configPaths, absin)
 		}
 	}
@ -852,6 +774,7 @@ func (v *Viper) Sub(key string) *Viper {
 		subv.automaticEnvApplied = v.automaticEnvApplied
 		subv.envPrefix = v.envPrefix
 		subv.envKeyReplacer = v.envKeyReplacer
+		subv.keyDelim = v.keyDelim
 		subv.config = cast.ToStringMap(data)
 		return subv
 	}
@ -893,6 +816,13 @@ func (v *Viper) GetInt64(key string) int64 {
 	return cast.ToInt64(v.Get(key))
 }

+// GetUint8 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
+func GetUint8(key string) uint8 { return v.GetUint8(key) }
+
+func (v *Viper) GetUint8(key string) uint8 {
+	return cast.ToUint8(v.Get(key))
+}
+
 // GetUint returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
 func GetUint(key string) uint { return v.GetUint(key) }

@ -992,7 +922,7 @@ func UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
 }

 func (v *Viper) UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
-	return decode(v.Get(key), defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...))
+	return decode(v.Get(key), v.defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...))
 }

 // Unmarshal unmarshals the config into a Struct. Make sure that the tags
@ -1015,13 +945,13 @@ func (v *Viper) Unmarshal(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
 	}

 	// TODO: struct keys should be enough?
-	return decode(v.getSettings(keys), defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...))
+	return decode(v.getSettings(keys), v.defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...))
 }

 func (v *Viper) decodeStructKeys(input any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) ([]string, error) {
 	var structKeyMap map[string]any

-	err := decode(input, defaultDecoderConfig(&structKeyMap, opts...))
+	err := decode(input, v.defaultDecoderConfig(&structKeyMap, opts...))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@ -1038,20 +968,29 @@ func (v *Viper) decodeStructKeys(input any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) ([]stri

 // defaultDecoderConfig returns default mapstructure.DecoderConfig with support
 // of time.Duration values & string slices.
-func defaultDecoderConfig(output any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) *mapstructure.DecoderConfig {
-	c := &mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
-		Metadata:         nil,
-		Result:           output,
-		WeaklyTypedInput: true,
-		DecodeHook: mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
+func (v *Viper) defaultDecoderConfig(output any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) *mapstructure.DecoderConfig {
+	decodeHook := v.decodeHook
+	if decodeHook == nil {
+		decodeHook = mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
 			mapstructure.StringToTimeDurationHookFunc(),
 			// mapstructure.StringToSliceHookFunc(","),
 			stringToWeakSliceHookFunc(","),
-		),
+		)
 	}
+
+	c := &mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
+		Metadata:         nil,
+		WeaklyTypedInput: true,
+		DecodeHook:       decodeHook,
+	}
+
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		opt(c)
 	}
+
+	// Do not allow overwriting the output
+	c.Result = output
+
 	return c
 }

@ -1093,7 +1032,7 @@ func UnmarshalExact(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
 }

 func (v *Viper) UnmarshalExact(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
-	config := defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...)
+	config := v.defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...)
 	config.ErrorUnused = true

 	keys := v.AllKeys()
@ -1548,7 +1487,7 @@ func (v *Viper) ReadInConfig() error {
 		return err
 	}

-	if !stringInSlice(v.getConfigType(), SupportedExts) {
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedExts, v.getConfigType()) {
 		return UnsupportedConfigError(v.getConfigType())
 	}

@ -1579,7 +1518,7 @@ func (v *Viper) MergeInConfig() error {
 		return err
 	}

-	if !stringInSlice(v.getConfigType(), SupportedExts) {
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedExts, v.getConfigType()) {
 		return UnsupportedConfigError(v.getConfigType())
 	}

@ -1596,27 +1535,29 @@ func (v *Viper) MergeInConfig() error {
 func ReadConfig(in io.Reader) error { return v.ReadConfig(in) }

 func (v *Viper) ReadConfig(in io.Reader) error {
-	if v.configType == "" {
-		return errors.New("cannot decode configuration: config type is not set")
+	config := make(map[string]any)
+
+	err := v.unmarshalReader(in, config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

-	v.config = make(map[string]any)
-	return v.unmarshalReader(in, v.config)
+	v.config = config
+
+	return nil
 }

 // MergeConfig merges a new configuration with an existing config.
 func MergeConfig(in io.Reader) error { return v.MergeConfig(in) }

 func (v *Viper) MergeConfig(in io.Reader) error {
-	if v.configType == "" {
-		return errors.New("cannot decode configuration: config type is not set")
-	}
+	config := make(map[string]any)

-	cfg := make(map[string]any)
-	if err := v.unmarshalReader(in, cfg); err != nil {
+	if err := v.unmarshalReader(in, config); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return v.MergeConfigMap(cfg)
+
+	return v.MergeConfigMap(config)
 }

 // MergeConfigMap merges the configuration from the map given with an existing config.
@ -1660,6 +1601,19 @@ func (v *Viper) WriteConfigAs(filename string) error {
 	return v.writeConfig(filename, true)
 }

+// WriteConfigTo writes current configuration to an [io.Writer].
+func WriteConfigTo(w io.Writer) error { return v.WriteConfigTo(w) }
+
+func (v *Viper) WriteConfigTo(w io.Writer) error {
+	format := strings.ToLower(v.getConfigType())
+
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedExts, format) {
+		return UnsupportedConfigError(format)
+	}
+
+	return v.marshalWriter(w, format)
+}
+
 // SafeWriteConfigAs writes current configuration to a given filename if it does not exist.
 func SafeWriteConfigAs(filename string) error { return v.SafeWriteConfigAs(filename) }

@ -1686,7 +1640,7 @@ func (v *Viper) writeConfig(filename string, force bool) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("config type could not be determined for %s", filename)
 	}

-	if !stringInSlice(configType, SupportedExts) {
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedExts, configType) {
 		return UnsupportedConfigError(configType)
 	}
 	if v.config == nil {
@ -1710,15 +1664,29 @@ func (v *Viper) writeConfig(filename string, force bool) error {
 }

 func (v *Viper) unmarshalReader(in io.Reader, c map[string]any) error {
+	format := strings.ToLower(v.getConfigType())
+	if format == "" {
+		return errors.New("cannot decode configuration: unable to determine config type")
+	}
+
 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	buf.ReadFrom(in)

-	switch format := strings.ToLower(v.getConfigType()); format {
-	case "yaml", "yml", "json", "toml", "hcl", "tfvars", "ini", "properties", "props", "prop", "dotenv", "env":
-		err := v.decoderRegistry.Decode(format, buf.Bytes(), c)
-		if err != nil {
-			return ConfigParseError{err}
-		}
+	// TODO: remove this once SupportedExts is deprecated/removed
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedExts, format) {
+		return UnsupportedConfigError(format)
+	}
+
+	// TODO: return [UnsupportedConfigError] if the registry does not contain the format
+	// TODO: consider deprecating this error type
+	decoder, err := v.decoderRegistry.Decoder(format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ConfigParseError{err}
+	}
+
+	err = decoder.Decode(buf.Bytes(), c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ConfigParseError{err}
 	}

 	insensitiviseMap(c)
@ -1726,20 +1694,24 @@ func (v *Viper) unmarshalReader(in io.Reader, c map[string]any) error {
 }

 // Marshal a map into Writer.
-func (v *Viper) marshalWriter(f afero.File, configType string) error {
+func (v *Viper) marshalWriter(w io.Writer, configType string) error {
 	c := v.AllSettings()
-	switch configType {
-	case "yaml", "yml", "json", "toml", "hcl", "tfvars", "ini", "prop", "props", "properties", "dotenv", "env":
-		b, err := v.encoderRegistry.Encode(configType, c)
-		if err != nil {
-			return ConfigMarshalError{err}
-		}

-		_, err = f.WriteString(string(b))
-		if err != nil {
-			return ConfigMarshalError{err}
-		}
+	encoder, err := v.encoderRegistry.Encoder(configType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ConfigMarshalError{err}
 	}
+
+	b, err := encoder.Encode(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ConfigMarshalError{err}
+	}
+
+	_, err = w.Write(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ConfigMarshalError{err}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

@ -2019,13 +1991,6 @@ func (v *Viper) SetConfigPermissions(perm os.FileMode) {
 	v.configPermissions = perm.Perm()
 }

-// IniLoadOptions sets the load options for ini parsing.
-func IniLoadOptions(in ini.LoadOptions) Option {
-	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
-		v.iniLoadOptions = in
-	})
-}
-
 func (v *Viper) getConfigType() string {
 	if v.configType != "" {
 		return v.configType
--- a/viper_test.go
+++ b/viper_test.go
@ -84,58 +84,12 @@ var jsonExample = []byte(`{
    }
 }`)

-var hclExample = []byte(`
-id = "0001"
-type = "donut"
-name = "Cake"
-ppu = 0.55
-foos {
-	foo {
-		key = 1
-	}
-	foo {
-		key = 2
-	}
-	foo {
-		key = 3
-	}
-	foo {
-		key = 4
-	}
-}`)
-
-var propertiesExample = []byte(`
-p_id: 0001
-p_type: donut
-p_name: Cake
-p_ppu: 0.55
-p_batters.batter.type: Regular
-`)
-
 var remoteExample = []byte(`{
 "id":"0002",
 "type":"cronut",
 "newkey":"remote"
 }`)

-var iniExample = []byte(`; Package name
-NAME        = ini
-; Package version
-VERSION     = v1
-; Package import path
-IMPORT_PATH = gopkg.in/%(NAME)s.%(VERSION)s
-
-# Information about package author
-# Bio can be written in multiple lines.
-[author]
-NAME   = Unknown  ; Succeeding comment
-E-MAIL = fake@localhost
-GITHUB = https://github.com/%(NAME)s
-BIO    = """Gopher.
-Coding addict.
-Good man.
-"""  # Succeeding comment`)
-
 func initConfigs(v *Viper) {
 	var r io.Reader
 	v.SetConfigType("yaml")
@ -146,14 +100,6 @@ func initConfigs(v *Viper) {
 	r = bytes.NewReader(jsonExample)
 	v.unmarshalReader(r, v.config)

-	v.SetConfigType("hcl")
-	r = bytes.NewReader(hclExample)
-	v.unmarshalReader(r, v.config)
-
-	v.SetConfigType("properties")
-	r = bytes.NewReader(propertiesExample)
-	v.unmarshalReader(r, v.config)
-
 	v.SetConfigType("toml")
 	r = bytes.NewReader(tomlExample)
 	v.unmarshalReader(r, v.config)
@ -165,10 +111,6 @@ func initConfigs(v *Viper) {
 	v.SetConfigType("json")
 	remote := bytes.NewReader(remoteExample)
 	v.unmarshalReader(remote, v.kvstore)
-
-	v.SetConfigType("ini")
-	r = bytes.NewReader(iniExample)
-	v.unmarshalReader(r, v.config)
 }

 func initConfig(typ, config string, v *Viper) {
@ -535,7 +477,7 @@ func TestDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	v.SetConfigType("yaml")
 	err := v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(yamlExample))

-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "leather", v.Get("clothing.jacket"))
 }

@ -622,22 +564,11 @@ func TestJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "0001", v.Get("id"))
 }

-func TestProperties(t *testing.T) {
-	v := New()
-
-	v.SetConfigType("properties")
-
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration
-	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(propertiesExample)), "Error reading properties data")
-
-	assert.Equal(t, "0001", v.Get("p_id"))
-}
-
 func TestTOML(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("toml")

-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration
+	// Read the TOML data into Viper configuration
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(tomlExample)), "Error reading toml data")

 	assert.Equal(t, "TOML Example", v.Get("title"))
@ -646,42 +577,16 @@ func TestTOML(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDotEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("env")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration
+	// Read the dotenv data into Viper configuration
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(dotenvExample)), "Error reading env data")

 	assert.Equal(t, "DotEnv Example", v.Get("title_dotenv"))
 }

-func TestHCL(t *testing.T) {
-	v := New()
-	v.SetConfigType("hcl")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration
-	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(hclExample)), "Error reading hcl data")
-
-	// initHcl()
-	assert.Equal(t, "0001", v.Get("id"))
-	assert.Equal(t, 0.55, v.Get("ppu"))
-	assert.Equal(t, "donut", v.Get("type"))
-	assert.Equal(t, "Cake", v.Get("name"))
-	v.Set("id", "0002")
-	assert.Equal(t, "0002", v.Get("id"))
-	assert.NotEqual(t, "cronut", v.Get("type"))
-}
-
-func TestIni(t *testing.T) {
-	// initIni()
-	v := New()
-	v.SetConfigType("ini")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration
-	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(iniExample)), "Error reading ini data")
-
-	assert.Equal(t, "ini", v.Get("default.name"))
-}
-
 func TestRemotePrecedence(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("json")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration v.config
+	// Read the remote data into Viper configuration v.config
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(jsonExample)), "Error reading json data")

 	assert.Equal(t, "0001", v.Get("id"))
@ -701,7 +606,7 @@ func TestRemotePrecedence(t *testing.T) {
 func TestEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("json")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration v.config
+	// Read the JSON data into Viper configuration v.config
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(jsonExample)), "Error reading json data")

 	v.BindEnv("id")
@ -724,7 +629,7 @@ func TestEnv(t *testing.T) {
 func TestMultipleEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("json")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration v.config
+	// Read the JSON data into Viper configuration v.config
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(jsonExample)), "Error reading json data")

 	v.BindEnv("f", "FOOD", "OLD_FOOD")
@ -737,7 +642,7 @@ func TestMultipleEnv(t *testing.T) {
 func TestEmptyEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("json")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration v.config
+	// Read the JSON data into Viper configuration v.config
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(jsonExample)), "Error reading json data")

 	v.BindEnv("type") // Empty environment variable
@ -752,7 +657,7 @@ func TestEmptyEnv(t *testing.T) {
 func TestEmptyEnv_Allowed(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("json")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration v.config
+	// Read the JSON data into Viper configuration v.config
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(jsonExample)), "Error reading json data")

 	v.AllowEmptyEnv(true)
@ -769,7 +674,7 @@ func TestEmptyEnv_Allowed(t *testing.T) {
 func TestEnvPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("json")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration v.config
+	// Read the JSON data into Viper configuration v.config
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(jsonExample)), "Error reading json data")

 	v.SetEnvPrefix("foo") // will be uppercased automatically
@ -829,7 +734,7 @@ func TestEnvKeyReplacer(t *testing.T) {
 func TestEnvSubConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("yaml")
-	// Read the properties data into Viper configuration v.config
+	// Read the YAML data into Viper configuration v.config
 	require.NoError(t, v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(yamlExample)), "Error reading json data")
 	v.AutomaticEnv()
 	v.SetEnvKeyReplacer(strings.NewReplacer(".", "_"))
@ -851,10 +756,6 @@ func TestAllKeys(t *testing.T) {

 	ks := []string{
 		"title",
-		"author.bio",
-		"author.e-mail",
-		"author.github",
-		"author.name",
 		"newkey",
 		"owner.organization",
 		"owner.dob",
@ -866,21 +767,12 @@ func TestAllKeys(t *testing.T) {
 		"hobbies",
 		"clothing.jacket",
 		"clothing.trousers",
-		"default.import_path",
-		"default.name",
-		"default.version",
 		"clothing.pants.size",
 		"age",
 		"hacker",
 		"id",
 		"type",
 		"eyes",
-		"p_id",
-		"p_ppu",
-		"p_batters.batter.type",
-		"p_type",
-		"p_name",
-		"foos",
 		"title_dotenv",
 		"type_dotenv",
 		"name_dotenv",
@ -893,24 +785,13 @@ func TestAllKeys(t *testing.T) {
 			"dob":          dob,
 		},
 		"title": "TOML Example",
-		"author": map[string]any{
-			"e-mail": "fake@localhost",
-			"github": "https://github.com/Unknown",
-			"name":   "Unknown",
-			"bio":    "Gopher.\nCoding addict.\nGood man.\n",
-		},
-		"ppu":  0.55,
-		"eyes": "brown",
+		"ppu":   0.55,
+		"eyes":  "brown",
 		"clothing": map[string]any{
 			"trousers": "denim",
 			"jacket":   "leather",
 			"pants":    map[string]any{"size": "large"},
 		},
-		"default": map[string]any{
-			"import_path": "gopkg.in/ini.v1",
-			"name":        "ini",
-			"version":     "v1",
-		},
 		"id": "0001",
 		"batters": map[string]any{
 			"batter": []any{
@ -927,27 +808,10 @@ func TestAllKeys(t *testing.T) {
 			"snowboarding",
 			"go",
 		},
-		"age":    35,
-		"type":   "donut",
-		"newkey": "remote",
-		"name":   "Cake",
-		"p_id":   "0001",
-		"p_ppu":  "0.55",
-		"p_name": "Cake",
-		"p_batters": map[string]any{
-			"batter": map[string]any{"type": "Regular"},
-		},
-		"p_type": "donut",
-		"foos": []map[string]any{
-			{
-				"foo": []map[string]any{
-					{"key": 1},
-					{"key": 2},
-					{"key": 3},
-					{"key": 4},
-				},
-			},
-		},
+		"age":          35,
+		"type":         "donut",
+		"newkey":       "remote",
+		"name":         "Cake",
 		"title_dotenv": "DotEnv Example",
 		"type_dotenv":  "donut",
 		"name_dotenv":  "Cake",
@ -1030,6 +894,41 @@ func TestUnmarshal(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 }

+func TestUnmarshalWithDefaultDecodeHook(t *testing.T) {
+	opt := mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
+		mapstructure.StringToTimeDurationHookFunc(),
+		mapstructure.StringToSliceHookFunc(","),
+		// Custom Decode Hook Function
+		func(rf reflect.Kind, rt reflect.Kind, data any) (any, error) {
+			if rf != reflect.String || rt != reflect.Map {
+				return data, nil
+			}
+			m := map[string]string{}
+			raw := data.(string)
+			if raw == "" {
+				return m, nil
+			}
+			err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &m)
+			return m, err
+		},
+	)
+
+	v := NewWithOptions(WithDecodeHook(opt))
+	v.Set("credentials", "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}")
+
+	type config struct {
+		Credentials map[string]string
+	}
+
+	var C config
+
+	require.NoError(t, v.Unmarshal(&C), "unable to decode into struct")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, &config{
+		Credentials: map[string]string{"foo": "bar"},
+	}, &C)
+}
+
 func TestUnmarshalWithDecoderOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.Set("credentials", "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}")
@ -1611,24 +1510,6 @@ func TestFindsNestedKeys(t *testing.T) {
 		"clothing.trousers":   "denim",
 		"owner.dob":           dob,
 		"beard":               true,
-		"foos": []map[string]any{
-			{
-				"foo": []map[string]any{
-					{
-						"key": 1,
-					},
-					{
-						"key": 2,
-					},
-					{
-						"key": 3,
-					},
-					{
-						"key": 4,
-					},
-				},
-			},
-		},
 	}

 	for key, expectedValue := range expected {
@ -1661,6 +1542,14 @@ func TestReadConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }

+func TestReadConfigWithSetConfigFile(t *testing.T) {
+	v := New()
+	v.SetConfigFile("config.yaml") // Dummy value to infer config type from file extension
+	err := v.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(yamlMergeExampleSrc))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 45000, v.GetInt("hello.pop"))
+}
+
 func TestIsSet(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("yaml")
@ -1740,7 +1629,7 @@ func TestWrongDirsSearchNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	v.AddConfigPath(`thispathaintthere`)

 	err := v.ReadInConfig()
-	assert.IsType(t, err, ConfigFileNotFoundError{"", ""})
+	assert.IsType(t, ConfigFileNotFoundError{"", ""}, err)

 	// Even though config did not load and the error might have
 	// been ignored by the client, the default still loads
@ -1800,32 +1689,17 @@ func TestSub(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"clothing", "pants"}, subv.parents)
 }

-var hclWriteExpected = []byte(`"foos" = {
-  "foo" = {
-    "key" = 1
-  }
+func TestSubWithKeyDelimiter(t *testing.T) {
+	v := NewWithOptions(KeyDelimiter("::"))
+	v.SetConfigType("yaml")
+	r := strings.NewReader(string(yamlExampleWithDot))
+	err := v.unmarshalReader(r, v.config)
+	require.NoError(t, err)

-  "foo" = {
-    "key" = 2
-  }
-
-  "foo" = {
-    "key" = 3
-  }
-
-  "foo" = {
-    "key" = 4
-  }
+	subv := v.Sub("emails")
+	assert.Equal(t, "01/02/03", subv.Get("steve@hacker.com::created"))
 }

-"id" = "0001"
-
-"name" = "Cake"
-
-"ppu" = 0.55
-
-"type" = "donut"`)
-
 var jsonWriteExpected = []byte(`{
  "batters": {
    "batter": [
@ -1849,13 +1723,6 @@ var jsonWriteExpected = []byte(`{
  "type": "donut"
 }`)

-var propertiesWriteExpected = []byte(`p_id = 0001
-p_type = donut
-p_name = Cake
-p_ppu = 0.55
-p_batters.batter.type = Regular
-`)
-
 // var yamlWriteExpected = []byte(`age: 35
 // beard: true
 // clothing:
@ -1882,30 +1749,6 @@ func TestWriteConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		input           []byte
 		expectedContent []byte
 	}{
-		"hcl with file extension": {
-			configName:      "c",
-			inConfigType:    "hcl",
-			outConfigType:   "hcl",
-			fileName:        "c.hcl",
-			input:           hclExample,
-			expectedContent: hclWriteExpected,
-		},
-		"hcl without file extension": {
-			configName:      "c",
-			inConfigType:    "hcl",
-			outConfigType:   "hcl",
-			fileName:        "c",
-			input:           hclExample,
-			expectedContent: hclWriteExpected,
-		},
-		"hcl with file extension and mismatch type": {
-			configName:      "c",
-			inConfigType:    "hcl",
-			outConfigType:   "json",
-			fileName:        "c.hcl",
-			input:           hclExample,
-			expectedContent: hclWriteExpected,
-		},
 		"json with file extension": {
 			configName:      "c",
 			inConfigType:    "json",
@ -1930,22 +1773,6 @@ func TestWriteConfig(t *testing.T) {
 			input:           jsonExample,
 			expectedContent: jsonWriteExpected,
 		},
-		"properties with file extension": {
-			configName:      "c",
-			inConfigType:    "properties",
-			outConfigType:   "properties",
-			fileName:        "c.properties",
-			input:           propertiesExample,
-			expectedContent: propertiesWriteExpected,
-		},
-		"properties without file extension": {
-			configName:      "c",
-			inConfigType:    "properties",
-			outConfigType:   "properties",
-			fileName:        "c",
-			input:           propertiesExample,
-			expectedContent: propertiesWriteExpected,
-		},
 		"yaml with file extension": {
 			configName:      "c",
 			inConfigType:    "yaml",
@ -2101,7 +1928,7 @@ func TestSafeWriteConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, v.SafeWriteConfig())
 	read, err := afero.ReadFile(fs, testutil.AbsFilePath(t, "/test/c.yaml"))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, yamlWriteExpected, read)
+	assert.YAMLEq(t, string(yamlWriteExpected), string(read))
 }

 func TestSafeWriteConfigWithMissingConfigPath(t *testing.T) {
@ -2220,6 +2047,7 @@ func TestMergeConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 37890, v.GetInt("hello.pop"))
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(37890), v.GetInt32("hello.pop"))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(765432101234567), v.GetInt64("hello.largenum"))
+	assert.Equal(t, uint8(2), v.GetUint8("hello.pop"))
 	assert.Equal(t, uint(37890), v.GetUint("hello.pop"))
 	assert.Equal(t, uint16(37890), v.GetUint16("hello.pop"))
 	assert.Equal(t, uint32(37890), v.GetUint32("hello.pop"))
@ -2239,6 +2067,14 @@ func TestMergeConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", v.GetString("fu"))
 }

+func TestMergeConfigWithSetConfigFile(t *testing.T) {
+	v := New()
+	v.SetConfigFile("config.yaml") // Dummy value to infer config type from file extension
+	err := v.MergeConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(yamlMergeExampleSrc))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 45000, v.GetInt("hello.pop"))
+}
+
 func TestMergeConfigOverrideType(t *testing.T) {
 	v := New()
 	v.SetConfigType("json")
@ -2681,7 +2517,7 @@ func TestKeyDelimiter(t *testing.T) {

 	var actual config

-	assert.NoError(t, v.Unmarshal(&actual))
+	require.NoError(t, v.Unmarshal(&actual))

 	assert.Equal(t, expected, actual)
 }